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What is Cutting Heat Transfer

How cutting heat is generated

The cutting heat is generated in three deformation zones. During the cutting process, the metal deformation and friction in the three deformation zones are the root cause of the cutting heat. Most of the work of deformation and friction during the cutting process is converted into cutting heat. The figure below shows the location of the heat generated by the cutting heat and the dispersion.

The amount of heat generated by the cutting heat and the proportion of heat generated in the three deformation zones vary with the cutting conditions. When processing plastic metal materials, when the flank wear amount is not large, and the cutting thickness is large, the heat generated in the first deformation zone is the most. When the tool wear amount is large, and the cutting thickness is small, the third deformation zone The proportion of heat generation will increase. The following diagram shows the ratios of heat generated in the three deformation zones to the thickness of the cut when machining nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium and steel with a carbide tool.

Diagram 1. three ratios of heat generated by nickel, chromium, molybdenum

  • First deformation zone 2-second deformation zone 3-third deformation zone
  • When processing brittle materials such as cast iron, due to the formation of breaking chips, the contact length of the chip is small, the friction on the rake face is small, and the proportion of heat generation in the first and second deformation zones is decreased. Therefore, the proportion of heat generated in the third deformation zone is relatively increased. .

    The heat of cutting generated during the cutting process is dissipated outside the cutting zone by the chips, the workpiece, the tool and the surrounding medium. The proportion of heat transfer by each route is related to the cutting form, the tool, the workpiece material and the surrounding medium. 50%~86% of the heat in the turning process is taken away by the chip, 40%~10% is transferred into the turning tool, 9%~3% is introduced into the workpiece, and about 1% is introduced into the air. When drilling, 28% of the heat is taken away by the chips, 14.5% is transferred into the tool, 52.5% is introduced into the workpiece, and about 5% is introduced into the surrounding medium.

    In addition, the cutting speed “υ” also has a certain influence on the heat transfer ratio of each route. The higher the cutting Deep Hole Drilling Inserts speed, the less heat is carried away by the chips. The chart below shows the effect of enthalpy on the heat transfer.

    Dia.3 The cutting velocity’s influence on cutting heat transfer

    I—Tool II—Workpiece III—Chip

    Contents hide 1Cutting heat and its effect on the cutting process 2Main factors affecting cutting temperatureCutting heat and its effect on the cutting process

    The heat generated by cutting a workpiece with a tool is called cutting heat. Cutting heat is also an important physical phenomenon in the cutting process, which has many effects on the cutting process. The heat of the cutting is transferred to the workpiece, which causes thermal deformation of the workpiece, thus reducing the machining accuracy. The local high temperature on the surface of the workpiece deteriorates the quality of the SNMG Insert machined surface.

    The heat of cutting that is transmitted to the tool is an important cause of tool wear and tear. Cutting heat also affects cutting productivity and cost by causing tool wear. In short, cutting heat has direct and indirect effects on the quality, productivity and cost of cutting. Research and master the general rules of heat generation and change of cutting heat, limit the adverse effects of cutting heat to the allowable range, and cut the machining. Production is of great significance.

    Main factors affecting cutting temperature

    First, the influence of cutting amount on cutting temperature

    1. Cutting speed has a significant effect on cutting temperature. Experiments have shown that as the cutting speed increases, the cutting temperature will increase significantly.

    2. The feed rate f also has a certain influence on the cutting temperature. As the feed rate increases, the amount of metal removal per unit time increases, and the cutting heat generated during the cutting process also increases, causing the cutting temperature to rise.

    However, the increase in cutting temperature as the feed rate increases is not as significant as the cutting speed.

    3. The depth of cut ap has little effect on the cutting temperature. Since the heat generated in the cutting zone increases proportionally after the depth of cut ap increases, the increase in the cutting temperature is not significant because of the improved heat dissipation conditions.

    The Tungsten Carbide Inserts Blog: https://estool.edublogs.org/
    # by rockphilip | 2023-10-30 18:06
    Straightforward Comparison of Aluminum , Zinc, Magnesium and Titanium Alloy

    With the improvement of people’s quality of life, the requirements of product aesthetics and quality are also rising. More and more consumer products are made of alloy materials. Metal materials give people a sense of high-end, solid and durable quality, while traditional plastic shell products are gradually labeled as “cheap” and “low quality” in the hearts of consumers.

    For consumer products, the commonly used alloy materials are aluminum alloy, zinc alloy and magnesium alloy. Titanium alloy is often used in medical field because of its good biocompatibility. Fang Gong will take a look at the characteristics of these alloy materials and make a comparison.

    Therefore, the inductive summary is put in the front, as shown in the following performance comparison table.

    Comparison table of physical properties

    Among the four alloys, titanium alloy is the hardest and has the best strength. In terms of hardness, titanium alloy is much harder than the other three alloys. In terms of tensile strength, titanium alloy is stronger than zinc alloy, followed by magnesium alloy, and aluminum alloy has the lowest strength.

    Strength and hardness comparison

    However, in terms of product structure design, weight should also be taken into account. If the specific gravity is taken into account, the specific strength of zinc alloy will be the minimum due to the maximum density. Titanium alloy and magnesium alloy have high specific strength, but titanium alloy is expensive and has poor processability. Therefore, magnesium alloy is often used in the structural parts that need to comprehensively consider the weight and strength.

    Contents hide 1aluminium alloy 2magnesium alloy Surface Milling Inserts 3titanium alloyaluminium alloy

    The ingredients of the materials can be found directly in Du Niang. It doesn’t take much time to list them here. The density of aluminum alloy is 2.63-2.85g/cm, and it has high strength( σ B is 110-270mpa), the specific strength is close to that of high alloy steel, and the specific stiffness is higher than that of steel. It has good casting performance, plastic processing performance, good electrical and thermal conductivity, good corrosion resistance and weldability.

    The fluidity of die casting aluminum alloy is good, and the melting point is 660 ℃.

    Aluminum alloy has the most abundant application forms in product structure design. The common processing technologies include die casting, extrusion, machining, stamping and forging. Aluminum alloy profiles are widely used in building WNMG Insert doors and windows, and aluminum profiles are often used to build frames for mechanical equipment. There is no lack of aluminum alloy in the shell of electronic products and consumer goods. This kind of products have higher appearance requirements, and the more common processes are extrusion, machining, stamping, etc.

    Die casting aluminum is seldom used in the shell of FMCG. Because die casting aluminum alloy contains high content of Si, it reacts directly with the solution when anodizing, and the surface effect after oxidation is poor. Aluminum castings are often used in internal structural parts and parts with low appearance requirements. The motorcycle engine shell needs complex structure, light weight and enough strength. Most of the rotary aluminum alloy die casting is used as blank.?

    Aluminum cast engine housing

    Aluminum grade:

    one ××× The series is pure aluminum (the aluminum content is not less than 99.00%), and the last two digits of the series mark are expressed as percentage points of the minimum aluminum content. The second letter of the brand indicates the modification of the original pure aluminum.

    two ×××~ eight ××× The last two digits of the series are of no special significance and are used only to distinguish: different aluminium alloys in the same group. The second letter of the brand indicates the modification of the original pure aluminum.

    two ××× Series: aluminum alloy with copper as the main alloy element. 2011 fast cutting alloy, good cutting strength is also high. The alloy for forging in 2218, 2018 has good forging property and high temperature strength.

    three ××× Series: aluminum alloy with manganese as main alloy element. 31053105 building materials, color aluminum plate, bottle cap.

    four ××× Series: aluminum alloy with silicon as main alloy element. 4032 has good heat resistance, friction resistance and cancellation, and has a small coefficient of thermal expansion. Piston, cylinder head.

    five ××× Series: aluminum alloy with magnesium as the main alloy element. 5052 is the most representative alloy with medium strength, and is generally sheet metal, ship, vehicle, building, bottle cap and honeycomb board.

    six ××× The series are: aluminum alloy with magnesium as the main alloy element and Mg2Si as the strengthening phase. 6063 representative extrusion alloy has low strength than 6061 and good extrusion property. It can be used as a complex profile material with good corrosion resistance and surface treatment. It is good for building, highway guardrail, high fence, vehicle, furniture, household appliances and decoration.

    seven ××× Series: aluminum alloy with zinc as main alloy element. One of the most powerful alloys in 7075 aluminum alloy is poor corrosion resistance. The coating material of 7072 can improve its corrosion resistance, but the cost is improved. Aircraft, ski stick.

    eight ××× Series: aluminum alloy with other elements as main alloy elements

    nine ××× Series: spare alloy group

    Aluminum alloy with tensile strength greater than 480mpa is called high strength aluminum alloy, mainly based on Al Cu mg and Al Zn mg Cu, namely, 2XXX (hard aluminum alloy) and 7xxx (super hard aluminum alloy) alloy. The static strength of the former is slightly lower than that of the latter, but the temperature is higher than that of the latter. The properties of the alloy are different due to the different chemical composition, melting and solidification methods, processing technology and heat treatment system.

    Zinc alloy has low melting point, good fluidity and easy to be welded. According to the manufacturing process, it can be divided into casting zinc alloy and deformed zinc alloy. The casting zinc alloy has good fluidity and corrosion resistance, and is suitable for die casting instruments, automobile parts shell, etc. The deformed zinc alloy has good plasticity and ductility, mainly used as battery shell, printing board, roof panel and daily hardware. The yield of casting alloy is much larger than that of deformed alloy. For the structural parts of quick dissipation, deformation alloy is rarely used. So the following is only for die-casting zinc alloy.

    The density of zinc alloy is 6.3-6.7g/cm, and the tensile strength σ B is 280-440mpa, with low melting point, melting at 385 ℃, easy to die-casting.

    Zinc alloy ratio is significant, which is the largest proportion of the four alloys described in this paper, and the fluidity is the best. It has good casting performance, and can die-casting precision parts with complex shape and thin-walled, and the surface of the casting is smooth. Among the products I designed, the thickness of the thin-walled zinc alloy die casting is only 0.4mm.

    The strength of zinc alloy is good at room temperature. It is important to note that zinc alloy should not be used in high temperature and low temperature (below 0 ℃), and zinc alloy has good mechanical properties at room temperature. But the tensile strength and impact performance of the two groups decreased significantly at high temperature. The corrosion resistance of zinc alloy is poor. When the impurity elements lead, cadmium and tin exceed the standard, the casting will be deformed due to aging. The aging effect and aging phenomenon exist in zinc alloy die casting, that is, the strength naturally decreases after a long time and becomes brittle. This is what many people make complaints about when they change the zinc alloy faucet. They often break down, causing the tap part to remain in the water pipe. Therefore, the square workers still suggest that we try to choose copper faucets when decorating, do not choose zinc alloy.

    At present, there are two kinds of standard series used as castings in the world, one is Zamak alloy and the other is Za series alloy. Zamak alloys used are Zamak 2, Zamak 3, zamak5 and Zamak 7( For convenience, the above alloys are alloy 2, 3, 5 and 7). Za series are za-8, ZA-12, ZA-27 and za-35. Za-8 is mainly used for hot chamber die casting. ZA-12 and ZA-27 can only be used for cold chamber die casting because of special melting requirements. Za-35 is generally used in gravity casting. The development of Zamak alloy is prior to Za series alloy and is mainly used in pressure casting. The most widely used is No. 3 zinc alloy.

    Zamak 2: it is used for mechanical parts with special requirements for mechanical properties, high hardness requirements, good wear resistance and general dimensional accuracy requirements.

    Zamak 3: good fluidity and mechanical properties. It is used for castings with low mechanical strength, such as toys, lamps, decorations and some electrical parts.

    Zamak 5: good fluidity and good mechanical properties. It is used for castings with certain requirements for mechanical strength, such as automobile parts, mechanical and electrical parts, mechanical parts and electrical components.

    Za8: it has good impact strength and dimensional stability, but it has poor fluidity. It is applied to die casting parts with small size, high precision and high mechanical strength, such as electrical parts.

    Super oy: the best fluidity is applied to die casting thin-walled, large-size, high precision and complex shape workpieces, such as electrical components and box bodies.

    magnesium alloy

    Magnesium alloy is an alloy which is based on magnesium and other elements. The main alloy elements are aluminum, zinc, manganese, cerium, thorium and a small amount of zirconium or cadmium. At present, magnesium aluminum alloy is the most widely used, followed by magnesium manganese alloy and magnesium zinc alloy. Magnesium alloy can be widely used in automobile, electronics, textile, architecture and military fields because of its excellent casting, extrusion, cutting and bending processing.

    The melting point of magnesium alloy is 650 ℃, and the melting point is lower than that of aluminum alloy, and the die casting performance is good. The tensile strength of magnesium alloy castings is equivalent to that of aluminum alloy castings, generally up to 250Mpa and up to 600 MPa.

    Magnesium alloy has a low density (about 1.8g/cm3) and high strength. Magnesium alloy is the lightest metal structure material, with a specific gravity of 1.8, which is 2/3 of aluminum and 1/4 of iron, and its specific strength is 133, which makes magnesium alloy available as high strength material. The specific strength of high strength magnesium alloy can even be compared with titanium.

    The elastic modulus of magnesium alloy is large and the seismic resistance is good. In the elastic range, the energy absorbed by magnesium alloy is half larger than that of aluminum alloy when it is under impact load, so magnesium alloy has good anti-seismic noise reduction performance.

    Magnesium alloy has good die casting properties, and the minimum wall thickness of die casting can reach 0.5mm, which is suitable for manufacturing various kinds of automobile die castings. Magnesium alloy parts have high stability, high precision of casting size, and can be machined with high precision.

    The heat dissipation of magnesium alloy has absolute advantage compared with that of alloy. For the radiator of magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy material of the same volume and shape, the heat produced by a heat source (temperature) magnesium alloy is more easily transferred from the root of the heat sink to the top than that of aluminum alloy, and the top is more tolerant to high temperature.

    But the linear expansion coefficient of magnesium alloy is very large, reaching 25-26 μ M/m ℃, while aluminum alloy is 23 μ M/m ℃, brass about 20 μ M/m ℃, structural steel 12 μ M/m ℃, cast iron about 10 μ M/m ℃, rock (granite, marble, etc.) is only 5-9 μ M/m ℃, glass 5-11 μ m/m℃。 When applied to heat source, the influence of temperature on structure size must be considered.

    Magnesium alloy application example: generally high-end and professional digital SLR cameras adopt magnesium alloy as the skeleton, making it durable and good in hand; Mobile phone, the case of laptop; Magnesium alloy is used on the shell and heat dissipation parts of the computer and projector which produce high temperature inside; The structure parts of steering wheel, steering bracket, brake support, seat frame, mirror support and distribution bracket require light weight and high strength.

    Magnesium alloy die casting steering wheel framework

    According to the forming method, it can be divided into wrought magnesium alloy and cast magnesium alloy.

    Magnesium alloy grade is expressed in the form of English letters + numbers + English letters. The front English letters are the codes of the most important alloy elements (the element codes are specified in the table below), and the following numbers represent the average values of the upper and lower limit values of the most important alloy elements. The last English letter is the identification code, which is used to identify different alloys with different specific constituent elements or slightly different element contents.

    The common grades of magnesium alloys are AZ31B, az31s, az31t, az40m, az41m, AZ61A, az61m, az61s, az62m, AZ63B, AZ80A, az80m, az80s, AZ91D, AM60B, AM50A, M1c, M2M, M2S, ZK61M, zk61s, ME20M, LZ91, lz61, lz121, la141, la191, laz933, la81, la91, laz931, ma18, ma21, ma14, etc.

    titanium alloy

    Titanium alloy refers to a variety of alloy metals made of titanium and other metals, with high strength, good corrosion resistance and high heat resistance. Titanium alloy is widely used in the manufacture of aircraft engine compressor components, framework, skin, fasteners and landing gear. Titanium alloys are also used in rocket, missile and high-speed aircraft structures.

    Titanium is an isomer with a melting point of 1668 ℃ and a close packed hexagonal lattice structure below 882 ℃ α Titanium; It has a body centered cubic lattice structure above 882 ℃, which is called the β Titanium. According to the different characteristics of the above two structures of titanium, the titanium alloys with different microstructures can be obtained by adding appropriate alloying elements. At room temperature, titanium alloys have three kinds of matrix structures, and they can be divided into the following three types: α Alloy( α+β) Alloys and β Alloy. China is represented by TA, TC and TB respectively.

    The density of titanium alloy is generally about 4.51g/cm3, which is only 60% of steel. Some high-strength titanium alloys exceed the strength of many alloy structures. Therefore, the specific strength (strength / density) of titanium alloy is much higher than that of other metal structural materials, which can produce parts with high unit strength, good rigidity and light weight.

    Titanium alloy products

    Titanium is nontoxic, light, high strength and biocompatible. It is an ideal medical metal material and can be used as an implant in human body. In the United States, there are five β Titanium alloys are recommended to the medical field, i.e. tmzftm (ti-12mo – ^ zr-2fe), ti-13nb-13zr, temporal 21srx (ti-15mo-2.5nb-0.2si), tiadyne 1610 (ti-16nb-9.5hf) and Ti-15Mo, which are suitable for implanting into human body as implants, such as artificial bone, vascular stent, etc.

    The biocompatibility of TiNi alloy is very good, and there are many medical examples using its shape memory effect and superelasticity. Such as thrombus filter, spinal orthopedic rod, dental orthopedic wire, vascular stent, bone plate, intramedullary needle, artificial joint, contraceptive device, heart repair components, artificial kidney micropump, etc.

    Titanium alloy products can be obtained by die casting and machining. The melting temperature of titanium alloy is very high, and the requirement for die steel is also high. There are many machining methods for titanium alloy, including turning, milling, boring, drilling, grinding, tapping, sawing, EDM and so on.

    The machinability of titanium alloy is also poor. When cutting titanium alloy, the cutting force is only slightly higher than that of steel with the same hardness, but the thermal conductivity of most titanium alloys is very low, which is only 1 / 7 of that of steel and 1 / 16 of that of aluminum. Therefore, the heat generated by cutting will not disperse rapidly and gather in the cutting area, resulting in rapid wear, collapse and chip accretion of the cutting edge.

    The bta deep hole drilling Blog: http://oh-my-god.blog.jp/
    # by rockphilip | 2023-10-26 11:47
    How Do Cast Iron Inserts Add Value to Your Home

    Cast iron inserts are a great way to add value to your home. Not only do they look great, but they also provide a number of benefits that make them an attractive choice for any homeowner. From energy efficiency to improved air quality, cast iron inserts can make a big difference in your home.

    One way that cast iron inserts add value to your home is by improving its energy efficiency. They are designed to be more heat-resistant than traditional materials, meaning that they can help keep your home warm in the winter and cool in the summer. This can lead to significant savings on your energy bills over time.

    SNMG Insert Cast iron inserts also help to improve the air quality in your home. They act as a filter, trapping pollutants and allergens from the air. This can help to reduce the amount of dust and other particles in your home, leading to improved health for your family.

    Finally, cast iron inserts are a great way to add aesthetic value to your home. They come in a variety of designs, giving you the opportunity to create a unique look in your home. This can help to add character and charm to your home, making it stand out from the rest.

    In conclusion, cast iron inserts are a great way to add value to your home. By improving energy efficiency, air quality, and aesthetic appeal, they can provide a number of benefits that can make your home more comfortable and enjoyable. If you're looking for a way to upgrade your home, consider adding cast Carbide Drilling Inserts iron inserts.

    The buy tungsten carbide inserts Blog: https://keithwalte.exblog.jp/
    # by rockphilip | 2023-10-23 17:47
    Can deep hole drilling inserts be used in automated drilling systems

    Deep hole drilling inserts can be used with automated drilling systems, but it requires careful consideration of the type of insert used. Deep hole drilling inserts are typically designed to meet specific drilling requirements and are not always suitable for use in an automated system.

    For automated drilling systems, it is important to choose the right WNMG Insert type of insert that will provide an optimal cutting performance and minimize tool wear. Standard inserts are generally not suitable for automated drilling due to their limited cutting and wear characteristics. Specialized deep hole drilling inserts, such as those with PVD coatings, can provide improved performance and longer tool life.

    The type of material being drilled also affects the choice of insert. Inserts designed for drilling softer materials, such as aluminum, will not perform as well in harder materials, such as steel. Additionally, the size and number of the drill bits used will need to be taken into consideration as well.

    When using deep hole drilling inserts in an automated drilling system, it is important to understand the limitations of the system. If the insert is not suitable for the application, it could result in tool failure RPMT Insert and damage to the workpiece. Additionally, regular maintenance of the insert is important to ensure optimal performance and minimize tool wear.

    In conclusion, deep hole drilling inserts can be used in automated drilling systems, but it is important to select the right type of insert and understand the limitations of the system. By taking these factors into consideration, deep hole drilling inserts can provide improved cutting performance and longer tool life.

    The carbide insert stock Blog: https://scottthere.exblog.jp/
    # by rockphilip | 2023-10-20 18:28
    The Role of Cutting Inserts in Achieving High Speed Threading Efficiency

    Cutting inserts play an important role in achieving high-speed threading efficiency. Inserts are cutting tools used to create a thread by cutting away material to create an internal or external thread. The cutting inserts used for threading applications should have a good combination of strength, wear resistance, and lubricity along with other properties to ensure efficient threading.

    The cutting inserts used for threading must have a good balance of edge sharpness and strength to achieve high-speed threading efficiency. The cutting inserts should be manufactured from high-quality materials to ensure the best cutting BDMT Insert performance. For high-speed threading, the cutting edges of the inserts should be sharp and tough enough to withstand the high cutting pressure. Furthermore, the cutting inserts should also have good wear resistance to ensure the threading process is not interrupted by wear.

    The cutting inserts used for threading should also have good lubricity and heat resistance to ensure efficient cutting and to prevent the risk of overheating. To ensure good lubricity, the inserts should be coated with a lubricating agent to reduce friction and allow for a smoother cutting process. Additionally, the inserts should also have good heat resistance to ensure the tool does not overheat while threading.

    In addition to these qualities, the cutting inserts used for threading applications should also have good chip formation characteristics Turning Inserts to ensure a smooth and efficient threading process. The inserts should be designed with a larger rake angle to ensure good chip formation and prevent the risk of chip jamming. Furthermore, the inserts should also have good chip evacuation characteristics to ensure the chips are quickly and efficiently removed from the cutting area.

    Overall, cutting inserts play an important role in achieving high-speed threading efficiency. The cutting inserts should be designed with the right combination of features such as sharp edges, strength, wear resistance, lubricity, heat resistance, chip formation characteristics, and chip evacuation characteristics to ensure a smooth and efficient threading process.

    The bta deep hole drilling Blog: http://oh-my-god.blog.jp/
    # by rockphilip | 2023-10-16 11:16
       

    CUTTING TOOL INSERT,TNMG INSERT,,Estoolcarbide.com is professional tungsten carbide inserts manufacturer.
    by rockphilip
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